Albert Wattenberg, a leading experimental
particle physicist, died of coronary heart disease on 27 June 2007 in Urbana, Illinois.
Al was born on 13 April 1917
in New York City, and grew up there. He first became interested in science because of his brother,
a chemist, who trained him "to keep his glassware very clean." While attending the City College
of New York for his undergraduate degree, he became politically engaged and organized several
strikes. Al was president of his senior class, but he protested the pro-Italian fascist sentiments
of the City College president by staying away from his own graduation. He received his BS in 1938
and his MA, from Columbia University, in 1939.
His first job was in spectroscopic
analysis at the Schenley Corp. At the same time, he continued graduate study at Columbia. In 1941
he was close to finishing his PhD when World War II intervened. Enrico Fermi invited Al to join his
group, which was studying the fission of uranium. A young and talented experimentalist, Al learned
to use Geiger counters and build photon and neutron detectors; he also served as draftsman and machinist.
After 1943 he made and maintained all the radium and beryllium sources for the entire Manhattan
Project. Fermi's thoroughness in experimental work was an example that affected Al's approach
to experiments for the rest of his life.
In 1942 Fermi and his group
moved to the University of Chicago, where on 2 December they obtained the first controlled nuclear
chain reaction. Eugene Wigner presented Fermi with a bottle of Chianti, which everybody present
signed. Al cleaned up after the event and kept the historical bottle.
When only in his mid-twenties,
Al was put in charge of the group testing the purity of the uranium and heavy water used in the project.
When Fermi moved to Los Alamos in 1944, Al stayed at Chicago, working in the lab that later became
Argonne National Laboratory.
Al was one of the signatories
of the July 1945 Szilard petition asking President Harry S. Truman not to use the nuclear bomb without
warning. After the war, Al became one of the founders and activists of the Federation of Atomic Scientists.
His organization, the Atomic Scientists of Chicago, joined with similar groups in Los Alamos,
Oak Ridge, and Manhattan to form the FAS. Now known as the Federation of American Scientists, the
FAS believes that scientists have an ethical obligation to bring their knowledge and experience
to bear on critical national decisions, particularly those pertaining to the humanitarian uses
of science and technology.
After completing his PhD
at the University of Chicago in 1947, Al stayed at Argonne to work with Fermi on building reactors
to produce intense neutron beams. Neutron diffraction, facilitated by those beams, has had an
enormous impact on materials science, biology, medicine, and chemistry.
Al became acting director
of the physics division at Argonne in 1949. His interest in research in elementary particles, together
with the growing anti-Communist scrutiny of government employees during the late 1940s, led him
to leave Argonne in 1950 for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and then MIT, where
he worked from 1951 until 1958.
A prestigious research
professorship lured Al back to the University of Illinois in 1958, and he remained there until his
retirement in 1986. For almost 20 years, he led the particle physics group, which he and his Illinois
colleagues developed into a strong and convivial organization, known for its superb electronics
capabilities. In the 1950s and 1960s, Al studied K mesons and looked for violations of time reversal,
CP, and CPT symmetries. He designed and built Cherenkov counters at Fermilab and
quantum mechanics experiments for Illinois' teaching laboratories. He worked on J/ψ
and charm production, first at Fermilab with neutron beams and with wideband photon beams (an important
experiment that showed the hadronic nature of J/ψ),
and later at SLAC in the first comprehensive study of the charm sector. Construction of that experiment's
700-counter muon detector was Al's last particle-physics project.
After retirement, Al participated
in the American Physical Society's Forum on the History of Physics and was the editor of its newsletter.
He participated in Illinois' program in arms control, disarmament, and international security
and contributed to the FAS's Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Over the years he gave numerous
talks about the beginnings of the nuclear era and about his work with Fermi. In 2001 he contributed
to the University of Chicago's celebration of the 100th anniversary of Fermi's birth.
Throughout his life Al
was a great teacher and a warm and wonderful friend. He will be deeply missed.
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